The final report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) was entitled Chega! (Portuguese for No More or Enough). It documents human rights abuses in the period 1975-1999. The report was completed in 2005; this version is the English translation, as published by Gramedia in 2013.
Contents to Volume 1
xix │ Map of Timor-Leste
xx │ Appreciation to donors
xxi │ Foreword by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Laureate
xxii │ Preface by Aniceto Guterres Lopes, Chair CAVR
1 │ Presentation of the Report by CAVR National Commissioners
3 │ Part 1: Introduction
7│Background to the Commission
8 │ From colonialism to militarised occupation
12 │ Coming together: reconciliation
14 │ Organising principle of this Report
14 │ The truth
16│Origins of the Commission
16 │ The workshop and the CNRT Congress
17 │ Results of the Steering Committee’s community consultations
19 │ Choosing the name of the Commission
19 │ Regulation 10/2001, establishing the Commission
20 │ Interim office
20 │ The CAVR Advisory Council
21│Formation of the Commission
21 │ National Commissioners
25 │ Principles and mission of the Commission
26 │ Regional Commissioners
27│Operational issues and challenges
27 │ Practical challenges to the Commission’s work
28 │ The challenge of language
29 │ An integrated community-based approach
32 │ The strategic plan
34│Core programmes
34 │ Truth-seeking
42 │ Community Reconciliation
44 │ Reception and victim support
45 │ Final Report
47 │ Archives
48 │ The Commission’s obligations to participants in its core programmes
49│National and regional offices and staffing
49 │ National Office
51 │ The CAVR as a learning institution
52 │ Institutional development and capacity building
53 │ Gender and staffing
53 │ Regional offices and district teams
54 │ Gender in practice in district work
55 │ The role of international staff in the Commission
56│Management and administration
56 │ Management structure
56 │ Administration
57 │ Finance
57 │ Downsizing and restructuring
58│Building relationships for the future
58 │ Direct relationships
60 │ Media and information campaigns
61 │ The international community
62 │ Community outreach and public information
69 │ Part 2: The Mandate of the Commission
73│Introduction
74 │ Temporal boundaries
75 │ Issues of particular relevance
75 │ The meaning of “related to the political conflict”
75 │ Human rights violations
76 │ The Commission’s definition of “human rights violations”
77 │ Priority given to particular categories of violation
78 │ Inquiry-related powers
78 │ Liability of Commissioners and staff
79 │ Confidential information provided to the Commission
79 │ The use of specific names in the Report
84 │ Standards used in determining issues of responsibility and accountability
84 │ The Indonesian invasion of Timor-Leste
85 │ Justice of war and justice in war
86 │ Community Reconciliation Procedures
87 │ The community-based approach of the Commission
88│Annexe A: relevant legal principles
89 │ Introduction – international law relevant to the mandate
133│ Part 3: History of the Conflict
143│Introduction
145│Portuguese colonialism in Timor-Leste
145 │ Overview
146 │ The arrival of the Portuguese
147 │ Colonial consolidation
148 │ Portuguese governance and Timorese resistance
149 │ Portuguese Timor in the 20th century
150 │ The international movement for decolonisation and Portugal’s position
151 │ Portuguese development plans and growing anti-colonial sentiments
152│Changes in Portugal and the decolonisation process
152 │ Overview
152 │ The MFA and the Carnation Revolution
154 │ The impact of the Carnation Revolution in Portuguese Timor
155 │ The formation of political parties in Portuguese Timor
157│The international climate and Indonesia’s policy on Portuguese Timor
157 │ Overview
157 │ The United Nations and Portuguese Timor
158 │ Indonesia and the international community
160 │ Indonesian policy on Portuguese Timor
163│The decolonisation process and political parties
163 │ Overview
164 │ The dawning of political consciousness
165 │ The composition of the political parties
166 │ Internal developments and tensions
167 │ The political parties prepare for armed confrontation
169 │ Fretilin and the spectre of communism
171 │ Lack of political tolerance
172 │ Governor Lemos Pires’s “mission impossible”
173 │ The coalition between UDT and Fretilin
174│ Indonesia’s growing involvement in Portuguese Timor: destabilisation and diplomacy
174 │ Overview
175 │ Operasi Komodo and increased covert military operations
176 │ Indonesian diplomacy
182 │ The armed movement of 11 August and the internal armed conflict
182 │ Overview
183 │ UDT launches its 11 August armed movement
185 │ The failure to negotiate: internal armed conflict
187 │ UDT retreats to the border
187 │ Portugal’s response to the internal conflict
188 │ Indonesia’s response
189 │ Portuguese Timor under Fretilin administration
189 │ Overview
189 │ Fretilin fills the vacuum
190 │ Prisoners and political violence
192 │ Restoring order
193 │ Administration
195 │ Balibó: Indonesia increases intensity of military operations
196 │ Fretilin’s unilateral declaration of independence, and the response
196 │ Overview
197 │ Background to Fretilin’s unilateral declaration of independence
199 │ The declaration of independence
201 │ Reactions to the declaration of independence
203 │ Full-scale invasion imminent
203 │ Full-scale invasion
203 │ Overview
204 │ Indonesia’s decision to invade and conduct open warfare
205 │ Dili prepares its defence strategy
206 │ Indonesian military preparations: Operation Seroja (Lotus)
206 │ Invasion of Dili and Baucau
211 │ United Nations response to the full-scale invasion
212 │ Timorese experience of early occupation and Indonesia’s attempts to formalise integration
212 │ Overview
213 │ AB RI consolidates; Indonesia installs “Provisional Government”
214 │ Fretilin in retreat, the massacres of prisoners
214 │ ABRI advances, early 1976
215 │ East Timorese experience of the early occupation
216 │ Fretilin regroups
217 │ Indonesia formalises the integration
218 │ Operation Seroja continues – US -supplied OV-10 Bronco aircraft introduced
219 │ Military stalemate, late 1976
219 │ “Encirclement and annihilation”: the final stages of Operation Seroja 1977–1979
219 │ Overview
220 │ Civilian population in the mountains
220 │ ABRI capacity stretched and early Fretilin confidence
221 │ US leads re-arming of the Indonesian military
222 │ Fretilin: internal divisions and violent purge
223 │ ABRI intensifies military operations: encirclement and annihilation, August 1977 to August 1978
227 │ Surrender: coming down from Matebian
228 │ Surrender, resettlement and famine
228 │ Overview
229 │ Surrender and execution of prisoners
230 │ Transit camps
231 │ Longer-term detention camps and ABRI’s security strategy
231 │ A closed land
233 │ ICRC and CRS relief
234 │ Ataúro as a prison island
235 │ Detention camps close
235 │ Operation Security (Operasi Keamanan)
235 │ Overview
236 │ The situation in Dili and across Timor-Leste 1979–1980
237 │ The first uprising: Dili, June 1980
237 │ “Fence of legs”: Operasi Kikis
239 │ Consequences of the operation
241 │ Rebuilding the Resistance
241 │ Overview
241 │ Fretilin survivors of the 1978–1979 offensives
242 │ Regrouping
244 │ National Re-organisation Conference in March 1981
245 │ Growth of the Resistance
246 │ The Resistance under Xanana Gusmão: towards national unity
247 │ The Catholic Church
248 │ 1983 Ceasefire and its aftermath
248 │ Introduction
248 │ Indonesian national elections in Timor-Leste: 1982
249 │ Shake-up of Indonesian civilian and military personnel, and Resistance actions
250 │ New approach by the Indonesian military: negotiations
251 │ Ceasefire
251 │ Appointment of Benny Moerdani as ABRI commander-in-chief: 1983
252 │ Monsignor Lopes removed
252 │ Ceasefire undermined
254 │ The end of the ceasefire
255 │ Consolidation and the beginnings of change: 1984–1991
255 │ Overview
256 │ Development of the Resistance
258 │ Repression and imprisonment
259 │ The rise of the clandestine youth movement
259 │ The Catholic Church
260 │ The situation at the United Nations
261 │ The visit of Pope John Paul II
263 │ Jakarta opens Timor-Leste
263 │ International developments toward the end of the decade
264 │ Turning Points
264 │ Overview
265 │ The Santa Cruz Massacre, 12 November 1991
267 │ The international impact of Santa Cruz
268 │ The capture of Xanana Gusmão
269 │ The student clandestine network
271 │ CNRM Peace Plan and diplomatic initiatives
272 │ The International Court of Justice case: Portugal v Australia, 1991–1995
272 │ The Nobel Peace Prize, 1996
273 │ The United Nations
274 │ From Reformasi to announcement of the Popular Consultation
274 │ Overview
275 │ The fall of Soeharto
277 │ The CNRT and the diplomatic campaign
277 │ The impact of Reformasi in Timor-Leste
278 │ Emergence of the militias
280 │ Xanana Gusmão calls for tolerance
281 │ Negotiations on the autonomy package
283 │ Growing militia terror
284 │ The 5 May Agreements
285 │ Security arrangements under the 5 May Agreements
286 │ Popular Consultation
286 │ Overview
287 │ UNAM ET deployment
287 │ Electoral Commission
288 │ The choice
288 │ Indonesian government coordination for the Popular Consultation
288 │ International presence in Timor-Leste
289 │ East Timorese and Indonesian observers
289 │ Security for the ballot
290 │ TNI-militia violence: June–July
291 │ Dare II
292 │ Voter registration
293 │ The campaign
295 │ Declining security situation: August
297 │ Final preparations for the vote
297 │ The ballot
298 │ The count and the results
299 │ Indonesia departs: scorched earth
299 │ Overview
300 │ Violence following announcement of the results
301 │ TNI takes formal control
303 │ The UNAMET compound
304 │ Growing international pressure
306 │ Forced evacuation of population
307 │ Interfet arrives: TNI withdraws
308 │ The formation of UNTAET: Security Council Resolution 1272, 25 October 1999
308 │ Returning home
339 │ Part 4: Regime of Occupation
343│Introduction
344│The Indonesian armed forces and their role in Timor-Leste
344 │ Introduction
345 │ Background of the Indonesian armed forces
352 │ Organisational structures of the Indonesian armed forces in Timor-Leste
363│Militarisation of East Timorese society
363 │ Introduction
364 │ Pre-Indonesian militarisation of Timor-Leste
365 │ Indonesian militarisation of Timorese political parties before the occupation
367 │ Establishment of East Timorese combat battalions
368 │ Early paramilitaries, 1976–1981
368 │ Paramilitaries in the 1980s
369 │ Civil defence forces
372 │ “Three-month military men”, (Milsas) 1989–1992
372 │ Operations assistants (Tenaga Bantuan Operasi, TBOs)
373 │ ‘Intel’ – East Timorese spies
376 │ 1990s and a focus on youth
376 │ Death squads
377 │ Militias, 1998–1999
389│Civil administration
389 │ The Provisional Government of Timor-Leste
413 │ Part 5: Resistance: Structure and Strategy
417│Introduction
420│Fretilin and the bases de apoio
420 │ Organisation of civilians
423 │ Military organisation
426 │ Fretilin’s socio-economic programme
432 │ Strategy
435 │ Protracted people’s war
436 │ Internal conflict
442│The end of bases de apoio
447│Restructuring the Resistance 1981–1987
447 │ Reorganising the Resistance for the new situation
451 │ Strategy
456│Falintil after 1987
466│Clandestine liberation movement
479 │ Part 6: The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999
487│Introduction
488 │ Summary of key findings
490 │ Overview of the Commission’s information management and
data collection methods
491 │ Historical violation estimates in Timor-Leste and their
limitations
493│Fatal violations: analysis
493 │ Background and overview of statistical analysis of fatal violations
494 │ Objectives of analysis
xiv │ Chega! - Volume I
495 │ Overview of data and methods
496 │ Estimates of killings, deaths due to hunger and illness, and displacement
505 │ Descriptive statistical analysis of fatal violations reported to the Commission
525│Non-fatal violations
525 │ Introduction
525 │ Overview of statistical findings on non-fatal violations
528 │ In-depth descriptive statistical analysis of non-fatal violations
584│Mau Chiga case study
584 │ Introduction
584 │ Background to documentation effort
584 │ Limitations of the data
585 │ Historical background
586 │ Descriptive statistical analysis of violations reported to Mau Chiga Documentation Project
593│Summary and conclusion
Tables:
63 │ Milestones of the Commission
353│ Structure of military commands in Timor-Leste
377│ Militias in Timor-Leste, 1975–1999
390│ Indonesian administration structure, with Portuguese and Indonesian military
equivalents
395│ Composition of the Timor-Leste Provincial Assembly by Faction, 1980–1997
399│ District administrators by origin and affiliation, 1976–1999
421│ Fretilin regional structure since May 1976
422│ Fretilin administrative structure
450│ Military division of the territory at the National Reorganisation Conference
507│ Count of reported acts of civilian killing, 1975
510│ Reported acts of civilian killings and disappearances
513│ Percentage share of attributed responsibility for reported killings by phase,
1975–1999
523│ Reported violations & their detention context by district, 1974–1999
524│ Reported fatal violations & their detention context by violations, 1974–1999
525│ Reported fatal violations & their detention context by phase, 1974–1999
529│ Non-fatal violations by datasource, 1974–1999
530│ Relative distributions of victims per violation, the CAVR data
Volume I - Chega! │ xv
531│ Relative distributions of victims per violation, Fokupers data
531│ Relative distributions of victims per violation, Amnesty International data
535│ Non-fatal violations reported to the CAVR
547│ Violations by district
551│ Pattern of victims by sex
552│ Pattern of victims by sex over time
553│ Pattern of victims by sex between district
554│ Pattern of victims by age
555│ Pattern of victims by age over time, 1974–1999
556│ Pattern of victims by age between districts
564│ Data distribution based on CAVR, Fokupers, Amnesty International databases
573│ Reported violations and their detention context, based on types of violations, 1974–1999
574│ Reported violations and their detention context, based on phases, 1974–1999
575│ Reported violations and their detention context, based on districts, 1974–1999
576│ Reported violations and their detention context, based on sex, 1974–1999
577│ Reported violations and their detention context, based on age, 1974–1999
588│ Distribution of reported duration periods of displacement events of Mau Chiga residents, 1982–1985
589│ Cross-tabulation of reported duration periods of displacement events of Mau Chiga residents by location, 1982–1985
591│ Distribution of reported fatal violations by political affiliation of victim, 1974–1999
592│ Distribution of reported fatal violations by political affiliation and geographic
location, 1974–1999
Graphics:
497│ Estimated total killings in Timor-Leste based on RMS
498│ Estimated total killings in Timor-Leste using HRVD and GCD data
500│ Estimated total deaths by hunger/illness in Timor-Leste based on RMS
501│ Estimated total deaths by hunger/illness in Timor-Leste using dual system
503│ Estimated displacement events in Timor-Leste (with error bands)
504│ Total displaced households in Timor-Leste by region
506│ Number of reported acts of civilian killings, 1974−1999
506│ Number of reported acts of disappearance, 1974−1999
508│ Count of reported violations, by type and district
508│ Count of disappearance by region over time, 1974−1999
509│ Count of civilian killings by region over time, 1974−1999
511│ Fatal violations over time, 1974−1999, committed by territorial units
512│ Fatal violations over time, 1974−1999, committed by non-territorial units
512│ Fatal violations over time, 1974−1999, committed by Civil Defence Forces
514│ Count of victims of acts of civilian killings by victim group size, 1974−1999
515│ Count of victims of acts of disappearance by victim group size, 1974−1999
516│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
516│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
518│ Number of reported acts of civilian killings, by age and sex, 1974−1999
518│ Number of reported acts of disappearance, by age and sex, 1974−1999
519│ Age-sex specific violation rate of civilian killings (per 10,000 persons),
1974−1999
519│ Age-sex specific violation rate of disappearance (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
520│ Reported acts of civilian killings by victim affiliation, 1974−1999
520│ Reported acts of disappearance by victim affiliation, 1974−1999
521│ Number of reported acts of civilian killings, 1974−1999
522│ Number of reported acts of detention, 1974−1999
532│ Number of reported acts of non-fatal violations, 1974−1999
533│ Count of reported acts of detention, torture & ill-treatment, 1999
534│ Violations over time, 1999
536│ Count of reported acts of non-fatal violations attributed to Fretilin, UDT and Apodeti, 1975
537│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
538│ Non-fatal violations over time committed by Civil Defence Forces, 1974−1999
538│ Violations over time committed by Kopassus, 1974−1999
539│ Non-fatal violations over time committed by Police, 1974−1999
539│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
540│ Violations over time, 1999
541│ Reported acts of detention attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries,
1974−1999
542│ Reported acts of torture attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries,
1974−1999
542│ Reported acts of ill-treatment attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries,
1974−1999
543│ Reported acts of detention attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries,
1974−1999
543│ Reported acts of torture attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries, 1999
544│ Reported acts of ill-treatment attributed to TNI, Police and Timorese Auxiliaries,
1999
545│ Count of reported acts of sexually-based violations attributed to TNI, Police and
Timorese Auxiliaries, 1974−1999
545│ Count of reported acts of sexually-based violations attributed to TNI, Police and
Timorese Auxiliaries, 1999
546│ Count of reported acts of property/economic violations attributed to TNI, Police and
Timorese Auxiliaries, 1974−1999
548│ Count of reported violations, by type and district (1)
549│ Count of reported violations, by type and district (2)
550│ Count of all reported non-fatal violations by region over time, 1974−1999
557│ Age-sex specific detention rate (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
558│ Age-sex specific torture rate (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
558│ Age-sex specific ill-treatment rate (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
559│ Age-sex specific violation rate of detention (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
559│ Age-sex specific violation rate of torture (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
560│ Age-sex specific violation rate of ill-treatment (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
560│ Number of reported acts of rape, by age and sex, 1974−1999
561│ Age-sex specific violation rate of rape (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
561│ Number of reported acts of sexual slavery, by age and sex, 1974−1999
562│ Age-sex specific violation rate of sexual slavery (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
562│ Number of reported acts of sexual violence, by age and sex, 1974−1999
563│ Age-sex specific violation rate of sexual violence (per 10,000 persons), 1974−1999
565│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
566│ Count of victims of acts of detention by victim group size, 1974−1999
567│ Count of victims of acts of torture by victim group size, 1974−1999
567│ Count of victims of acts of ill-treatment by victim group size, 1974−1999
568│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
569│ Reported acts of torture over time, 1974−1999
569│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
570│ Reported acts of threats over time, 1974−1999
570│ Reported acts of sexual based violence over time, 1974−1999
571│ Count of reported violations, by type and district
572│ Violations over time, 1974−1999
578│ Reported number of detainees on Ataúro, June 1980−October 1984
579│ Count of reported detentions, in and out of Ataúro, 1974−1999
579│ Reported acts of non-fatal violations by victim affiliation, 1974−1999
580│ Reported acts of non-fatal violations by victim affiliation, 1974−1979
580│ Reported acts of non-fatal violations by victim affiliation, 1980−1989
581│ Reported acts of non-fatal violations by victim affiliation, 1990−1998
581│ Reported acts of non-fatal violations by victim affiliation, 1999
582│ Number of reported acts of detention, by victim affiliation
582│ Number of reported acts of torture, by victim affiliation
583│ Reported acts of ill-treatment by victim affiliation, 1974−1999
583│ Reported acts of property/economic violations by victim affiliation,
1974−1999
587│ Number of reported displacement victims, by age and sex, 1974−1999
590│ Fatal violations over time, 1974−1999
593│ Number of reported hunger/illness deaths, by age and sex, 1974−1999
Contents to volume 2
595 │ Part 7.1: The Right to Self-Determination
601│ I ntroduction
601│ P reface
602│ The right of the people of Timor-Leste to self-determination
603│ O bligations of states
604│ The international context
606│ S ources
607│ The United Nations and the three major
stakeholders
607│The United Nations
609│Portugal
616│Indonesia
625│Australia
635│ The Security Council, its permanent members and Japan
635│The Security Council
642│China
645│France
648 │Russia (USSR)
651 │United Kingdom
657 │United States
667 │Japan
673 │Conclusion
675 │The Vatican
675 │Preface
675 │Background to the Vatican
676 │The Catholic Church in Timor-Leste
676 │Bishop José Joaquim Ribeiro (1966–1977)
677 │Dom Martinho da Costa Lopes (1977–1983)
680 │Dom Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo SDB (1983–2003)
682 │Pope John Paul II’s visit to Timor-Leste in 1989
686 │Conclusion
686 │ The diplomacy of the resistance
687 │Political parties and umbrella bodies
703│The diaspora
706│Conclusion
708│Civil society
708│Preface
709│International civil society
732│Indonesian civil society
739│Conclusion
740│Findings
740│The international community
742│The key stakeholders
757 │ Part 7.2: Unlawful Killings and Forced Disappearances
769 │ I ntroduction
769 │ D efinitions
772 │ M ethodology
773 │ Quantitative overview
773 │ Killings and disappearances perpetrated by the Resistance
774 │ Killings and disappearances perpetrated by the Indonesian
security forces
776 │ U nlawful killings and enforced disappearances during
the internal conflict: 11 August–24 September 1975
783 │ U nlawful killings before the UDT armed action of 11 August
783 │ Killings on 11 August, the day of the UDT armed movement
786 │ U nlawful killings following the UDT armed movement, 12–17 August
790 │ U nlawful killings between 18–20 August
792 │ Killings between 21 August and 30 August, the major period of
the internal armed conflict
796 │ Execution of detainees and other killings in September
799 │ O ther killings
801│ U nlawful killings and enforced disappearances during
the Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
801│ U nlawful killings by Indonesian military before the invasion in
December 1975
806│ U nlawful killings by Indonesian military during the invasion of
Dili 7–8 December 1975
825│ U nlawful killings by Fretilin after the Indonesian invasion
(December 1975 and February 1976)
838│ U nlawful killings and enforced disappearances by ABRI after the
Indonesian invasion, 1976–1979
854│ Killings after the fall of the bases de apoio
913│ U nlawful killings and enforced disappearances by Fretilin/
Falintil 1976–1979
944 │Unlawful killings and enforced disappearances by ABRI/TNI
1980–1984
1001│Unlawful killings and enforced disapperances by TNI 1985–1989
1005│Unlawful killings and enforced disappearances by Indonesian
security forces, 1990–1998
1045│Fatal violations committed by Fretilin/Falintil, 1980–1999
1058│Unlawful killings and enforced disappearances, 1999
1116│Findings
1118│Internal conflict, 1974–1976
1122│Indonesian Occupation 1975–1999
1165 │ Part 7.3: F orced Displacement and Famine
1173│ I ntroduction
1175│ D efinitions and methodology
1175│Displacement
1177│Famine
1179│Gathering information
1180│ D isplacement and famine caused by internal conflict
(1974–1975)
1180│Displacement due to political rivalries (1974–1975)
1181│Displacement caused by the internal conflict
1182│The flight to West Timor
1184│Forcible transfer to West Timor
1185│Refugee numbers in West Timor
1186│Conditions and humanitarian assistance in West Timor
1188│Food shortages and humanitarian assistance in Timor-Leste
1188│Hunger and deaths
1189│ D isplacement and famine during the Indonesian
occupation (1975–1979)
1189│Invasion, displacement and evacuation 1975–1977
1198│Life and death in the mountains (1976–1978)
1210│On the run (1976–1978)
1225│Surrender, camps and famine (1978–1981)
1238│Resettlement camps
1249│Emergency humanitarian response (1979–1980)
1262│ F orced displacement and localised famine in the 1980s
1274│Retaliatory internment and collective punishment: Ataúro and
other internment camps
1285│Alternatives to internment on Ataúro: Raifusa and Dotik
1292│ D isplacement before and after the Popular Consultation,
1999
1294│Initial turbulence (November 1998–March 1999)
1299│First mass displacements, April 1999
1308│The quiet before the storm (May–August 1999)
1313│Massive displacement and deportation, September 1999
1333│Refugees in West Timor
1337│Returning home
1338│ F indings
1340│The internal conflict August–September 1975
1341│The invasion
1343│Food crops and livestock destroyed
1344│Life and death in the mountains
1346│Camps and settlements under Indonesian military control
1347│Humanitarian aid
1348│Strategic relocation villages and internment
1349│Displacement before and after the Popular Consultation in 1999
Contents of volume 3
Part 7.4. Arbitrary Detention, Torture
and Ill-treatment
1379│Introduction
1380│Definitions and legal principles
1380│Arbitrary detention
1380│Arrest
1380│Detention and imprisonment
1381│Torture
1381│Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment (ill-treatment)
1382│Distinguishing between ill-treatment and torture
1383│Prohibitions under domestic law on assault and mistreatment
1383│Patterns of detention, ill-treatment and torture over the mandate
period
1384│Patterns over time
1385│Patterns over space
1386│The victims
1387│Gender
1387│Affiliation
1387│Group size
1389│Institutional perpetrators
1391│Where people were detained
1391│Structure of the part and key findings
1392│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by UDT, 1975
1392│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by Fretilin, 1975
1392│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by Fretilin/Falintil, 1977–1979
1393│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian security
forces and collaborators, 1975–1979
1393│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian security
forces and East Timorese auxiliaries, 1980–1984
1393│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian security
forces and East Timorese auxiliaries, 1985–1998
1394│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian security
forces and East Timorese auxiliaries, 1999
1394│Detention and torture by UDT, 1975
1394│Introduction
1395│Statistical patterns
1396│Victims
1397│Arbitrary arrest
1398│Detention centres and cases of human rights violations
1398│Detention centres
1399│Dili
1401│Box: Manuel Agustinho Freitas, detention in Palapaço
1403│Ermera
1405│Box: Manuel Duarte, imprisoned in Aifu
1407│Bobonaro
1410│Manufahi
1410│Baucau
1411│Liquiçá
1412│Lautém
1413│Forced labour
1413│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by Fretilin,
August 1975–February 1976
1413│Introduction
1415│The Fretilin armed reaction
1415│The General Armed Insurrection
1416│Reasons for arbitrary detention
1417│Places of detention
1417│Dili
1419│Comarca Balide
1420│Aileu
1421│Manufahi
1423│Ermera
1425│Ainaro
1425│Baucau
1426│Lautém
1427│Liquiçá
1427│Viqueque
1428│Manatuto
1429│Bobonaro
1429│The period of Fretilin administration
1430│Continuing detention of UDT supporters
1431│The detention of Apodeti supporters and members
1432│Movement of detainees between detention centres
1434│Box: Life in Aissirimou
1436│Trials of Fretilin detainees
1438│Following the full-scale Indonesian invasion
1439│Box: Escaping the Balide Comarca, 7 December 1975:
Anselmo dos Santos and Frederico Almeida Santos
1441│The movement of prisoners from Dili to Aileu and then to Same
1443│Hola Rua (Same, Manufahi)
1444│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by Fretilin/Falintil, 1976–1979
1446│Justice under the Fretilin administration
1447│Reasons for detention
1447│Treason by planning to surrender or contacting people in ABRI
areas
1450│Box: Detention of Father Luis da Costa
1452│Internal armed conflicts
1452│Conflict between Helio Pina and José da Silva, October 1976
1454│Disputes in Iliomar, Lautém, November 1976
1454│Box: Fretilin internal conflict in Iliomar, November 1976
1456│Dispute between Francisco Xavier do Amaral and the CCF,
September 1977
1456│Box: The detention and torture of Francisco Xavier do Amaral
1459│Enforcing discipline
1460│Renals and other Fretilin detention centres
1462│Ermera
1462│Viqueque
1463│Lautém
1665│Aileu
1466│Box: The Nundamar Renal in Remexio, Aileu
1470│Box: The detention of Ambulan
1471│Manufahi
1471│Box: The detention of Tomé da Costa Magalhães
1473│Liquiçá
1474│Box: Violence in the Fretilin zones
1475│Arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian
occupation authorities, 1975–1979
1475│Introduction
1475│Profile of violations: 1975 to 1979
1477│Perpetrators
1479│Detentions during the invasion
1479│August–November, 1975
1480│Dili
1480│The invasion
1481│The days following the invasion
1484│Box: Detention centres in Dili
1488│Early patterns of detention
1490│Victims targeted for detention
1491│Box: Allegiance to Indonesia
1491│Interrogation, torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment
1492│Box: Interrogation in Dili
1494│Takeover of other areas
1495│Community divisions
1496│Detention outside Dili
1497│Box: Case study: detention centres in the city of Baucau
1499│Securing the territory, 1976–1979
1500│Development of intelligence networks
1501│Detention of Resistance fighters
1502│Detention for being part of a Falintil attack
1503│Box: Released but not free
1505│Detention of clandestine members
1505│Box: The breaking of a clandestine network
1508│Box: Interrogation of a clandestine member
1509│Detention due to family members in the forest
1511│Detentions after surrender or capture
1511│Early surrenders
1512│Box: Story of an East Timorese translator during interrogations
1514│Mass surrenders: 1978–1979
1517│Box: Detention in Uma Metan Camp, Alas, Manufahi
1519│Capture of communities: 1978–1979
1520│Detentions after returning home
1521│Box: Framing of a former Fretilin leader
1522│Conclusion
1523│Detentions by the Indonesian occupation authorities, 1980–1984
1523│Introduction
1524│Profile of violations
1528│The Marabia uprising (levantamento), Dili, 10 June 1980
1528│Arbitrary detention
1529│Torture and ill-treatment
1530│Box: The detention and torture of Bernardino Ximenes Villanova
1532│Transfer of political detainees to the island of Ataúro
1534│Box: Ataúro
1537│Operation Security (Operasi Keamanan), 1981
1540│After Operation Security
1541│Late 1982 – Falintil levantamento around Mount Kablaki
1542│Early arrests
1542│Following the levantamento
1542│Arrest
1544│Detention and interrogation
1544│Torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment
1545│Village detention
1547│Forced displacement after the attacks
1548│Detention during the ceasefire, March to August 1983
1549│The breakdown of the ceasefire and Operation Unity,
August 1983
1550│Kraras
1552│Uato Carbau
1552│Iliomar
1553│Mehara
1555│Box: Maria’s story
1555│Torture and iIl-treatment
1556│Aftermath of the levantamento
1556│Transfer of detainees out of the area
1557│Village detention in Lalerek Mutin, Viqueque
1557│Mass detentions in Lautém
1558│Operation Security (Operasi Keamanan) in other districts of
Timor-Leste
1560│Aileu, 1983
1561│Box: Prisons in Indonesia, 1983 to the late 1990s
1563│Arrests of members of the urban clandestine movement
1565│Box: Arrest and interrogation in Dili late 1983
1566│Arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment in 1984
1569│Detentions and torture by the Indonesian occupation
authorities, 1985–1998
1569│Introduction
1570│Profile of violations
1570│Violations over space
1571│Detention and torture
1572│Perpetrator affiliation
1572│Detention of clandestine members
1573│1985 to 1998
1575│Box: Prisons in Timor-Leste
1577│1989 to 1998
1578│Box: Detention of a clandestine leader
1581│Box: Clandestine arrests in Dili
1582│The arrest of clandestine members in Indonesia
1582│Demonstrations
1583│Arrests in anticipation of a demonstration
1583│The visit of Pope John Paul II
1584│The Portuguese parliamentary delegation
1586│Arrests at or after an event
1586│The Mass at Tacitolu by Pope John Paul II
1587│Visit of the US Ambassador John Monjo
1588│SMPN IV School, Dili
1588│Santa Cruz demonstration
1590│Box: Detention for guidance
1591│Cancelled visit of the Portuguese parliamentary
delegation
1592│Box: The rise of the militias, 1985–1998
1595│Interrogation and torture of victims connected to demonstrations
1598│Box: Interrogation after the Santa Cruz demonstration
1599│Demonstration in Jakarta, 19 November 1991 and the Bali
arrests
1601│Untim demonstrations
1602│SARA and civil unrest
1604│Incidents after the award of Nobel Peace Prize
1605│Box: Ninja gangs and anti-ninja gangs
1606│The hunt for Falintil leaders in the 1990s
1608│Box: Xanana Gusmão’s arrest
1610│Box: Olga Corte-Real’s story
1611│Reprisals for Resistance attacks
1611│Baucau, October 1992
1612│Ermera, October 1996
1613│Attacks around the time of the 1997 Indonesian national election
1614│Arrests following the Dili attack
1615│Arrests following the attack in Quelicai (Baucau)
1619│Box: Police
1620│Liquiçá, July 1997
1621│Two Falintil incidents in Alas (Manufahi), late 1998
1621│The first attack
1623│The second attack
1623│Detention, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian
occupation authorities, 1999
1626│Statistical profile of detention, torture and ill-treatment in 1999
1626│Patterns over time for both detention and torture
1627│Patterns over space
1627│Length of detention
1627│Targeted groups in 1999
1628│CNRT members
1628│Clandestine members
1628│Student activists
1629│UNAMET staff
1629│Perpetrators
1631│Detention locations
1632│Reasons for detention and torture
1632│Forcible recruitment of militia
1633│Assertion of pro-autonomy forces’ authority over the community
1633│Retaliation against Resistance attacks
1633│Punishment of individuals who openly declared support for
independence
1634│Obtaining intelligence about pro-independence leaders and
structures
1634│Transportation of civilians and capture of those fleeing
1634│Detentions and torture, November 1998–March 1999
1634│Before the announcement of the Popular Consultation
1636│After announcement of two options
1637│Dilor, Viqueque, 20 March
1638│Maliana, Bobonaro, March 1999
1638│Zumalai, Covalima, March 1999
1638│Detentions and torture in April 1999
1639│Liquiçá, April 1999
1640│Ermera, April 1999
1641│Covalima, April 1999
1643│Cailaco, Bobonaro, April 1999
1644│Oecussi, April 1999
1645│Dili, 17 April 1999
1646│Viqueque, April 1999
1647│Molop, Bobonaro, 24 April 1999
1647│May 1999
1648│Falintil attack in Lolotoe, Bobonaro, May 1999
1650│Ermera, May 1999
1651│Continuing search for clandestine members
1653│Box: Identifying marks
1653│Manatuto, the involvement of the district administrator
1654│Detentions and torture between June and 30 August, the day
of the Popular Consultation
1656│Detentions and torture after the Popular Consultation
1657│After the Popular Consultation
1658│Punishment and revenge
1659│Cases of detention before evacuation
1659│Detention of individuals targeted for execution
1660│Release
1660│Reporting requirements
1661│Bribes
1662│Intervention by others
1662│Escape
1662│Torture and ill-treatment in 1999
1663│Humiliation and degradation
1663│Public violence
1664│Verbal abuse
1664│Other cruel and degrading treatment
1665│Conclusion
1665│Findings
1665│Detentions, torture and ill-treatment by UDT
1665│Detention
1666│Ill-treatment and torture
1667│Detentions, torture and ill-treatment by Fretilin
1667│During the internal armed conflict
1667│Detention
1669│Torture and ill-treatment
1671│1976–1979
1671│Detention
1672│Torture and ill-treatment
1673│Detentions, torture and ill-treatment by the Indonesian military,
police and agents
1673│Arrest and detention
1675│Conditions of detention
1678│Interrogation
1679│Torture and ill-treatment
1683│Release
Part 7.5. Violations of the Laws of War
1717 │ Introduction
1721 │ Relevant standards
1722 │ Violations of the laws of war by Indonesian military forces
1722 │ Attacks on civilians and civilian properties
1728 │ Box: The bombs came from the sky, or the coast and the ground
1731 │ Economic and property violations –collateral damage or
deliberate strategy?
1732 │ 1975–1977
1734 │ 1978–1979
1735 │ 1980s
1737 │ 1990s
1739 │ Destruction in 1999
1743 │ Mistreatment of enemy combatants
1743 │ Box: Status of Falintil
1746 │ Unlawful means of warfare
1751 │ Forced recruitment into military activity
1753 │ Patterns of recruitment
1755 │ Work as a TBO–risks and dangers
1757 │ TBOs in Operation Kikis, 1981
1758 │ Forced to look for family in the forest
1761 │ Tombak (Spear) Troops
1762 │ Forced night watch and patrol
1765 │ Violations of the laws of war by Fretilin/Falintil
1770 │ Attacks on civilian objects
1770 │ Findings
1770 │ Findings concerning the Indonesian armed forces
1773 │ Findings concerning Fretilin/Falintil
Part 7.6. Political Trials
1789 │ Introduction
1790 │ Legal framework
1791 │ Indonesian law
1792 │ International humanitarian law
1792 │ International human rights standards
1793 │ Analytical framework
1793 │ The first wave of political trials, 1983–1985
1793 │ Background
1796 │ Formal legal processes
1797 │ Informing defendants of their basic rights
1799 │ Torture and ill-treatment in detention
1800 │ Record of Interrogation (RoI)
1802 │ Trial
1802 │ Indictment
1805 │ Courtroom conditions
1806 │ Witness testimony
1807 │ The right to defence counsel of choice, and to an effective defence
1811 │ The presumption of innocence
1812 │ Independence and impartiality of the tribunal
1812 │ Right to appeal
1813 │ Conclusions
1815 │ The Santa Cruz trials, 1992
1815 │ Factual overview
1815 │ Background
1816 │ Findings of fact as determined by the court during the trials
1817 │ Facts according to independent sources
1817 │ Arrest
1818 │ Pre-trial
1818 │ Conditions at the Comoro Police headquarters (Polda)
1820 │ Investigation
1820 │ Information seeking
1821 │ Illegal methods of seeking confessions
1821 │ Fabrication of evidence
1822 │ Access to a lawyer
1825 │ Trial
1825 │ Indictment
1825 │ Courtroom conditions
1826 │ Witnesses
1828 │ Evidence
1829 │ Prosecution
1830 │ Defence
1833 │ Judges
1835 │ Decisions
1836 │ Appeal
1837 │ Imprisonment
1838 │ Trials and punishment of Indonesian security personnel
involved in the Santa Cruz massacre
1838 │ Conclusions
1842 │ The Jakarta trials, 1992
1843 │ Arrest
1843 │ Arrests in Jakarta
1844 │ The arrest in Denpasar, Bali
1845 │ Pre-trial detention
1846 │ Conditions of detention in Jakarta
1846 │ Conditions of detention in Denpasar, Bali
1847 │ Access to a lawyer
1848 │ Investigation
1849 │ Trial
1849 │ Indictment
1849 │ The charges against João Freitas da Camara
1850 │ The charges against Fernando de Araujo
1851 │ Courtroom conditions
1852 │ Witnesses
1852 │ Evidence
1852 │ Performance of defence counsel
1853│ Substance of the defence
1853 │ Decisions and sentences
1854 │ Appeal
1855 │ Conclusion
1856 │ The trial of Xanana Gusmão, 1993
1857 │ Pre-trial
1857 │ Arrest
1858 │ Pre-trial detention
1860 │ Investigation
1861 │ Access to a lawyer
1864 │ Trial
1864 │ Indictment
1865 │ Court-room conditions
1866 │ Language
1867 │ Witnesses
1869 │ Performance of defence counsel
1871 │ Xanana Gusmão’s defence plea
1873 │ Judges
1875 │ Application for clemency
1876 │ Judicial review
1876 │ The sentence
1877 │ Conclusion
1878 │ The Mahkota trial, 1997
1879 │ Arrest
1880 │ Pre-trial detention
1882 │ Access to a lawyer
1883 │ Investigation
1884 │ The trial
1884 │ Indictment
1886 │ The openness of the trial
1886 │ Witnesses
1887 │ Evidence
1887 │ Performance of defence lawyers
1888 │ The defence case
1889 │ Performance of judges
1890 │ Decision and sentences
1891 │ Appeal
1891 │ Conclusion
1892 │ Findings
Part 7.7. Rape, Sexual Slavery and Other
Forms of Sexual Violence
1913 │ Introduction
1916 │ Definition and methodology
1918 │ Culture of silence
1919 │ Rape
1921 │ Rape in the context of inter-party conflict (1975)
1921 │ Rape by UDT party members
1921 │ Rape by members of Fretilin and Falintil
1922 │ Rape during the Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
1923 │ Rape by members of Falintil
1924 │ Rape by members of the Indonesian armed forces and their
auxiliaries: during the invasion and large-scale operations
(1975–1984)
1925 │ A. Rape at the time of surrender (1975–1979)
1927 │ B. Gang rape as part of military attacks
1928 │ C. Rape at military installations
1928 │ Box: Rape at the Uatolari Koramil (Sub-district Military Command Post)
1979–1981
1931 │ Box: Rape of male detainees
1934 │ Box: Rape of female detainees in the Flamboyan Hotel
1938 │ D. Other rapes
1940 │ Rape during consolidation of the occupation (1985–1998)
1940 │ A. Rape in detention
1942 │ B. Rape without legal recourse
1945 │ C. Rape in and around the victim’s home
1947 │ Box: Testimony and evidence from Mário Viegas Carrascalão on
violence against women from 1982 to 1992
1949 │ Rape and the Popular Consultation
1950 │ A. Rapes before the Popular Consultation (April–August 1999)
1954 │ B. Rapes after the announcement of the Popular
Consultation results (September–October 1999)
1957 │ Box: The rape and killing of ZE, 11 September 1999
1960 │ Box: Rape and sexual slavery after the Suai Church Massacre,
6 September 1999
1967 │ Sexual slavery
1969 │ The victim’s perspective
1970 │ Sexual slavery in the context of inter-party conflict
1971 │ Sexual slavery during the Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
1971 │ Sexual slavery during the invasion and large-scale operations
(1975–1984)
1971 │ A. Military sexual slavery in military installations
1975 │ B. Military sexual slavery outside military installations
1976 │ C. Domestic sexual slavery
1979 │ D. Consecutive domestic sexual slavery
1982 │ E. Case study: rape and sexual slavery in Mau Chiga, Ainaro
1983 │ E.1 Internment in Dare, Ainaro
1990 │ E.2 Internment on the island of Ataúro, Dili
1991 │ E.3 Internment in Dotik (Alas, Manufahi)
1992 │ Box: Testimony of XH, Mau Chiga, Hato Builico, Ainaro
1995 │ Sexual slavery during consolidation of the occupation (1985–1998)
1996 │ Box: Testimony of MI, Lalerek Mutin, Viqueque
1999 │ Sexual slavery by members of Falintil
1999 │ Sexual slavery and the Popular Consultation (1999)
2000 │ Box: Rape and sexual slavery by Halilintar militia in Atabae,
Bobonaro
2006 │ Other forms of sexual violence
2006 │ Other forms of sexual violence in the context of inter-party conflict
2007 │ Other forms of sexual violence during the Indonesian occupation
(1975–1999)
2007 │ Sexual torture and humiliation in detention
2012 │ Box: Testimony of DK, Mehara, Tutuala
2015 │ Photographing of detainees
2018 │ Public sexual humiliation
2020 │ Sexual harassment
2022 │ The impact of sexual violations on victims
2023 │ Reproductive health
2024 │ Unsafe abortions
2025 │ Mental health
2027 │ Spiral of victimisation
2027 │ Self-blame
2028 │ Blaming the victim
2029 │ Loss of virginity, loss of marriage opportunities
2030 │ Survival and discrimination against children
2032 │ Marital separation or reconciliation
2033 │ Findings
2033 │ Sexual violations by members of Fretilin and UDT
2034 │ Sexual violations by members of Falintil
2034 │ Rape and sexual torture by members of the Indonesian security
forces
2037 │ Impunity for perpetrators of rape and sexual torture
2038 │ Sexual slavery
2039 │ Impunity for perpetrators of sexual slavery
2039 │ Sexual violations as a tool of terror and degradation
2040 │ Total number of victims of sexual violations
2040 │ Impact on victims
Part 7.8. Violation of the Rights of the Child
2055 │ Introduction
2059 │ Research methods
2059 │ Children in the armed political conflicts and the clandestine
movement
2061 │ Children as TBOs and on operations
2062 │ Patterns of recruitment of TBOs
2063 │ Box: The status of TBOs in the military
2064│ The number of child TBOs
2065 │ Why ABRI recruited children as TBOs
2067 │ Reasons for joining
2067 │ Coercion
2069 │ Duties
2070 │ Conditions and treatment
2071 │ Box: The everyday life of a TBO:
“If we died, it didn’t matter”
2072 │ Fatalities
2074 │ Payment
2074 │ Post-service
2075 │ Children on operations: Operation Security
2077 │ Children recruited by pro-autonomy militias
2078 │ Methods of recruitment
2081 │ Activities
2082 │ Child militia members killed or disappeared
2082 │ Impact
2083 │ Children in the clandestine network
2084│ How children became involved
2086 │ Reasons for joining the Resistance
2087 │ Impact
2087 │ Estafeta
2089 │ Children as spies and lookouts
2090 │ Campaigning
2093 │ Children in Falintil
2093 │ Recruitment
2093 │ 1975–1979
2097 │ 1980–1989
2098 │ 1990–1999
2098 │ Training
2099 │ Risks involved in joining Falintil
2100 │ Demobilisation and conversion to FDTL
2101 │ Arbitrary detention, killings and sexual violence perpetrated
against children
2101 │Arbitrary detention and torture
2101 │ Introduction
2101 │ Patterns of detention of minors
2104 │ Detentions by the Indonesian authorities
2104 │ 1975–1979
2106 │ 1980–1988
2108 │ Box: A child on Ataúro
2111 │ 1989–1998
2112 │ Box: The testimony of Naldo Gil da Costa
2113 │ 1999
2114 │ Detentions by UDT
2115 │ Detentions by Fretilin
2117 │Killings and disappearances
2117 │ Introduction
2117 │ Profile of violations
2120 │ Invasion and military operations
2120 │ 1975–1979
2122 │ 1980–1988
2123 │ 1989–1998
2124 │ 1999
2126 │ Killings of children by Fretilin and Falintil
2126 │ The period of party conflict
2128 │ 1975–1979
2129 │ Falintil attacks
2130 │Sexual violations
2131 │ Patterns of violations
2132 │ 1974–1979
2134 │ 1980–1989
2135 │ Box: Prosecution of rape of a minor, Dili Court, 1982
2138 │ 1990–1998
2138 │ 1999
2139 │ Box: ZM (as told by her aunt, ZM1, in November 1999)
2141│ The transfer of children to Indonesia
2143 │ The number of children sent to Indonesia
2144 │ Patterns over the mandate period
2144 │ 1976–1979
2144 │ Children taken by individual soldiers
2145 │ Box: The Seroja Orphanage
2147 │ Box: Yuliana (Bileki)
2148 │ Box: Abduction of a baby in Ermera
2150 │ Box: Forced adoption: Aida’s story
2150 │ Was the removal of children official military policy?
2151 │ Transfer by government officials and charitable
organisations
2152 │ Box: “The President’s Children”
2153 │ 1980–1989
2154 │ Box: The case of Thomas da Costa
2155 │ Religious institutions and the transfer of children
2156 │ 1990–1998
2156 │ Children taken by religious institutions
2157 │ Programmes of the Ministries of Education and
Manpower
2158 │ 1999
2161 │ Conditions for children living in Indonesia
2162 │ Loss of cultural identity
2163 │ Mistreatment
2163 │ Box: Alfredo Reinado Alves’ story
2165 │ Findings and conclusion
2166 │ Children in armed conflict and the clandestine movement
2166 │ Children used by the Indonesian military as TBOs (Operations
Assistants)
2167 │ Children in Falintil and in clandestine movement
2168 │ Children recruited by pro-autonomy militias in 1999
2169 │ Inhuman treatment of children
2169 │ Arbitrary detention
2171 │ Arbitrary killing of children
2173 │ Sexual violence committed against children
2175 │ The transfer of children to Indonesia
Part 7.9. Economic and Social Rights
2191│ Introduction
2194 │Box: The duties of an occupying power relating to social
and economic conditions
2195 │ The Commission’s work on economic and social rights
2195 │ Social and economic rights and other rights
2197│ The right to an adequate standard of living
2197 │ Development and government spending
2202 │ The coffee sector
2203 │ Management of the coffee sector under Indonesian administration
2204 │ The value of the coffee sector
2208 │ Military involvement in the East Timorese economy
2208 │ Right of a people to dispose of natural resources
2208 │ Sandalwood
2209 │ Forest cover
2210 │ The Timor Sea
2211 │ The right to food
2213 │ Box: Economic and social impacts of “resettlement camps”
2216 │ Housing and land
2219 │ Box: Economic effects of the 1999 scorched earth policy
2221 │ Right to health
2221 │ The meaning of the “right to health”
2222 │ Public health under Portuguese rule
2223 │ The Indonesian occupation
2223 │ Infant and mother mortality and child development
2224 │ Reduction of disease
2225 │ Access to health services
2226 │Box: Economic and social impact of displacement to
West Timor in 1999
2227 │ Coerced birth control
2233 │ Mental health and trauma
2235│ Box: Forced recruitment
2237 │ Right to education
2237 │ Box: The right to education
2243 │ Findings
2243 │ General findings
2244 │ Specific findings
2244 │ The right to an adequate standard of living
2244 │ Development and government spending
2244 │ Rights over natural resources
2245 │ The right to adequate food
22245 │ Housing and land
2245 │ Rights to health and education
Contents of volume 4
Contents
xi │ Map of Timor-Leste
2253 │ Part 8: Responsibility and Accountability
2262│Introduction
2261│State, institutional and individual responsibility
2264│Legal killings and detentions
2265│The focus on institutional responsibility
2265│Principal findings
2265│The State of Indonesia and the Indonesian security forces
2268│The systematic programme of violations in 1999
2269│Principal findings on the responsibility of Fretilin
2270│Principal findings on the responsibility of the UDT political party
2272│Principal findings on the responsibility of the Apodeti political
party
2272│Principal findings on the responsibility of the KOTA and
Trabalhista parties
2273│Methodology for identification of institutional
responsibility
2275│Perpetrator identification in the human rights violations
database
2276│Responsibility and accountability of the Indonesian
security forces
2277│Evidence relied on in this section
2277│Violations committed by members of the Indonesian security
forces
2315│Individual responsibility for widespread and systematic
violations
2315│High-level responsibility
2330│Responsibility and accountability of the East Timorese
political parties
2332│The responsibility and accountability of Fretilin/Falintil
2345│The responsibility and accountability of the UDT political party
2351│The responsibility and accountability of the Apodeti party
2352│The responsibility and accountability of the Trabalhista and
KOTA parties
2353│State responsibility
2353│Responsibility of the State of Indonesia
2355│Responsibility of the State of Portugal
2357│Responsibility of the State of Australia
2358│Responsibility of the United States of America
2360│Responsibility of the United Nations
2361│Annexe 1: Responsibility of the Indonesian security forces
for violations committed in 1999
2361│Introduction
2365│Responsibility of the TNI for the violations
2365│Members of the TNI as direct perpetrators of violations
2367│The responsibility of the TNI for the actions of militia groups
2378│TNI knowledge, threats and warnings before the mass violence
in September 1999
2379│The failure of the TNI to punish perpetrators/institutional
rewards to those involved
2381│The role of members of the Indonesian police
2382│Collaboration and participation of officials of the Indonesian
local and central government
2384│Findings and conclusions
2385│Conclusions
2386│Annexe 2: Command responsibility
2406│Annexe 3: Persons with high-level command responsibility
2413│Annexe 4: Careers of selected Indonesian officers who
served in Timor-Leste
2421 │ Part 9: Community Reconciliation
2427│Introduction
2427│Overview of this part
2429│Background
2434│Origins of the Community Reconciliation Process/CRP
2437│The Community Reconciliation Process
2437│Objectives of the process
2438│The procedural framework
2442│CRP’s reliance on both lisan and law
2442│Implementation of the CRP programme
2442│Staff
2443│Timeline
2443│Initial challenges
2444│Community involvement
2445│The CRP hearing
2453│The role of lisan in the hearings
2460│Results of the CRP programme
2460│Overall
2464│Number of deponents in a CRP
2464│Actions dealt with by CRP
2464│Acts of reconciliation
2466│The effectiveness of the CRP programme
2466│Reintegrating perpetrators into their communities
2468│Restoring the dignity of victims
2468│Establishing the truth about human rights violations
2471│Promoting reconciliation
2472│Lessons learned
2474│Broader impacts of the CRP programme
2474│CRP as a symbol of the end of the conflict
2475│Contribution to the fight against impunity
2477│CRP’s contribution to capacity building
2478│CRP: a unique approach to justice
2481│Reflections
2481│Conclusion
2482│Unfinished business
2483│The future of the CRP
2487 │ Part 10: Acolhimento and Victim Support
2493│Introduction
2494│Structure of the Unit
2494│Interpretation
2498│Reception and outreach
2498│Background
2500│Monitoring recent returnees
2503│Outreach to West Timor
2512│Restoring the dignity of victims
2512│Introduction
2513│Public Hearings
2526│Healing workshops
2536│Urgent reparations
2544│Community profiles
2560│Lessons learned
2567│ Part 11: Recommendations
2573│Introduction
2573│Recommendations
2575│Timor-Leste and the international community
2577│Timor-Leste and Portugal
2578│Human rights in Timor-Leste: promoting and protecting all
rights for all
2585│Human rights at home: promoting and protecting the rights of
the vulnerable
2588│Human rights at home: promoting and protecting human rights
through effective institutions
2593│Human rights at home: security services that protect and
promote human rights
2597│Justice and truth
2604│Reconciliation
2606│Reconciliation in the East Timorese political community
2607│Reconciliation with Indonesia
2610│Acolhimento (Reception)
2612│Reparations
2622│Follow-on institution to the CAVR
Contents of volume 5
2625 │ Annexe 1: Timor-Leste 1999:
Crimes against Humanity —
Report Commissioned by the United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) by Geoffrey Robinson, UCLA
2633│Preface
2636│ Executive summary
2637 │Method and mandate
2638│Outline and conclusions
2640│Historical and political context
2640│Indonesian invasion and occupation
2643│Resistance
2644│International response
2646│Breakthrough in Indonesia
2648│UNAMET and the Popular Consultation
2651│Indonesia: power and strategy
2652│The Indonesian Armed Forces
2656│The Militias
2658│The Indonesian Police
2659│The civilian government and the ‘socialisation’ campaign
2661│Pro-autonomy political parties
2662│Specialised government bodies
2664│Violations, victims and perpetrators
2665│Types of violation
2669│Chronology of violations: three periods
2672│Victims
2677│The perpetrators
2680│Patterns and variations
2680│Temporal variation – turning off the faucet
2685│Police inaction and complicity
2688│Militia modus operandi
2691│Geographical variations
2695│Six key documents
2695│Operation Clean Sweep
2697│The Tavares Document
2698│The Garnadi Document
2700│The East Timor Integration Savior Brigade Telegram
2702│Operation Pull-Out
2705 │Militias: history, formation and legal recognition
2706 │Historical patterns
2710 │Militia formation
2716 │Political and legal recognition
2721 │Militias: recruitment, training, operations and weapons
2721 │Recruitment and membership
2724 │Training
2726 │Operations
2729 │Weapons: testimonial evidence
2733 │Weapons: documentary evidence
2736 │Militias: funding and material support
2736 │‘Socialisation’ and militia funding
2740 │Sources of government funding
2745 │TNI funding and material support
2748 │FPDK as funding channel
2749 │Militia budgets
2752 │District summaries
2752 │Aileu (Kodim 1632)
2755 │Ainaro (Kodim 1633)
2759 │Baucau (Kodim 1628)
2762 │Bobonaro (Kodim 1636)
2768 │Covalima (Kodim 1635)
2771 │Dili (Kodim 1627)
2777 │Ermera (Kodim 1637)
2782 │Lautém (Kodim 1629)
2786 │Liquiçá (Kodim 1638)
2792 │Manatuto (Kodim 1631)
2797 │Manufahi (Kodim 1634)
2800 │Oecussi (Kodim 1639)
2802 │Viqueque (Kodim 1630)
2805 │Case studies: major human rights incidents
2806 │Liquiçá church massacre (6 April 1999)
2810 │Cailaco killings (12 April 1999)
2813 │Carrascalão house massacre (17 April 1999)
2818 │The killing of two students at Hera (20 May 1999)
2819 │Arbitrary detention and rape in Lolotoe (May-June 1999)
2821 │Attack on UNAM ET Maliana (29 June 1999)
2824 │Attack on humanitarian convoy (4 July 1999)
2828 │Murder of UNAM ET staff members at Boboe Leten (30 August 1999)
2831 │Forcible relocation and murder of refugees in Dili (5-6 September
1999)
2835 │Suai church massacre (6 September 1999)
2839 │Maliana Police Station massacre (8 September 1999)
2844 │The Passabe and Maquelab massacres (September-October 1999)
2846 │Rape and murder of Ana Lemos (13 September 1999)
2849 │The Battalion 745 rampage (20-21 September 1999)
2854 │Murder of Lospalos clergy (25 September 1999)
2856 │Individual and command responsibility
2857 │Individual criminal responsibility
2860 │Command responsibility
2871 │International responsibility
2871 │International responsibility
2876 │UN responsibility: the question of justice
2906 │Note on sources
2907 │Note on the author
2909 │ Annexe 2: Data and statistical methods
2915 │Introduction
2915 │Relevance of empirical data analysis to the Commission’s mandate
2916 │Data sources
2917 │The Human Rights Violations Database (HRVD)
2924 │Retrospective Mortality Survey (RMS)
2927 │Graveyard Census Database (GCD)
2928 │Methodological description of data editing, cleaning and
name normalisation techniques
2928 │Database cleaning and editing
2929 │Date editing and cleaning
2929 │Age editing and cleaning
2930 │Violation and relationship codes editing and cleaning
2930 │Geographic location code editing and cleaning
2930 │GCD de-duplication of cemeteries and graves
2931 │Name-cleaning processes
2934 │Data conversion
2935 │Record linkage overview
2935 │Matching rules
2938 │Intra-system matching
2941 │Inter-system matching
2944 │Data processing of reported violations involving groups
of anonymous victims
2946 │Statistical estimation techniques used in the analysis of
fatal violations and displacements
2946 │RMS weight calculations
2947 │RMS date assignment for displacement analysis
2948 │RMS weight adjustments for mortality estimates
2949 │Sensitivity analysis of assumptions in mortality re-weighting
2950 │Multiple Systems Estimation (MSE): motivation and theory
2952 │Allocating GCD by type of death
2953 │Sensitivity analysis of the loss of social knowledge: adjustments
for underestimates
2957 │ Annexe 3: Indictment Summaries
2964│Indictment summaries by district
2964│Aileu
2965│Ainaro
2967│Baucau
2968│Bobonaro
2978│Covalima
2986│Dili
2992│Ermera
2994│Lautém
2997│Liquiçá
2999│Manatuto
3000│Manufahi
3002│Oecussi
3007│Viqueque
3008│West Timor
3008│National indictment
3011 │ Annexe 4: Acknowledgements
3013│Introduction
3014│Donors
3015│Submissions
3016│Participants in National Public Hearings
3020│The CA VR Community
3040│Those who gave statements to CA VR
3040│Those who participated in CRP
3040│Participants in healing workshops
3047 │ List of Terms and Abbreviations
3071 │ Index